All Things Film Censorship Related in Australia
The Wild One ( 1953 ) which was banned in both Britain and New Zealand was released in Australia in it's entirety rated only as Not Suitable For Children. Work that one out?
In Australia in 1948 all horror films of any kind were banned from import, and the ban lasted 20 years. !968 onward is when once banned horror films such as The Werewolf, Creature With The Atom Brain, The Man Who Turned To Stone and Revenge Of Frankenstein were passed for public exhibition years before the flood of horror titles being passed which started in November 1971 when the R certificate was introduced in Australia.
During the 20 year the ban on horror films was in place in Australia a very large undetermined number of horror films were banned in Australia and through my research it appears the majority, if not all, of the 1950s and 1960s titles involved received a release in New Zealand, either cut or released intact. Unlike his Australian counterpart the New Zealand censor apparently could tolerate them.
For Australian daybill collectors the sad thing is that the daybills that have surfaced for banned in Australia but released in New Zealand horror titles is that they are usually poorly designed duotone versions, which is a shame.
From an interview published in 1965 with the then Chief Australian Film censor Mr. Dick Prowse. Mr. Prowse was Chief Censor between 1964 and 1979.
Horror films of course had been banned for years, hadn't they?
''Yes we don't like them at all. I think the complete banning of them has taken place since about 1956. The then Chief Censor made inquiries from several people - including the heads of the various motion picture companies - and an agreement was drawn up between all concerned indicating that it would be better if this kind of thing were kept of the country.''
Under what regulation were the films banned?
''Undesirable in the public interest.''
There had , Mr. Prowse said, been no special clause inserted into the regulations covering horror films. ''The then Minister For Customs simply agreed to this banning being done''.
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''Extracts from ANNUAL REPORT 1925 to 1963.
1930
FOR GENERAL EXHIBITION comes into being.
1935
Horror film complaints becoming prominent. Publicity for such films to be endorsed SUITABLE ONLY FOR ADULTS. It has been observed that pictures of this kind big crowds,''
It is my observation that
1) Suitable only for adults was introduced for advertising of horror films, then at a later date used on all genre films deemed to fall into this category.
2) in 1935 the censorship office admitted that horror films drew large crowds. In 1948 under a new chief censor announced that all future horror films were to be banned from being shown in Australia. Apparently in 13 years from drawing large audiences we were then told in 1948 ''... their appeal extended only to a very limited section of the community.''
The Mammy daybill from 1930 appearing above features an early example of the newly introduced General Exhibition classification on posters and the Mark Of The Vampire from 1935 showing the boldly newly introduced Suitable Only For Adults rating.
Oh how complicated was film censorship in Australia before uniformed Australia wide censorship was introduced.
Not sure how the Australian censors defined a horror film or what their guidelines were but there were a lot of horror films released in the 20 year period that were definite horror films but the Australian censor removed the offending horror elements before they were released so they were no longer horror films ( ha ha ).
First published in Severed Head #13.
Written 10/1/1997 and reproduced here exactly as printed.
Main Source: Shocking Cinema, Edited by Phil Edwards.
What follows is a 'time-line' showing the main censorship-related events that have occurred in Australia over the last 100 years. Like the often-revised horror time-lines constructed by the Tabula Rasa crew, this one is merely as accurate as I can make it with the material currently at hand. A more complete and correct version may appear in the next Skintomb, but for now I hope that this first attempt provides a brief yet coherrant historical overview of censorship in this country.
1908: The New South Wales government sets up Australia's first formal censorship guidelines under the Theatre and Public Halls Act. This was done in response to the perception that films were causing a rise in juvenile delinquency.
1914: Following NSW's example, South Australia legislates its own censorship guidelines. Presumably the other states ran without formal censorship until 1917.
1917: To counter-act variations between the guidelines in each state, a central body called the Commonwealth Film Censorship Board is established by the Federal government under the Customs Act. The details of this legislation and the make-up of the board are not known.
1928: The government attempts to refine the censorship mechanism further by installing a three-person censorship board, led by a Chief Censor, and a three-person appeals board. After a mad scramble during which 1000 applications were evaluated, the role of Australia's Chief Censor went to Methodist lay-preacher Creswell O'Reilly. The establishment of governmental censorship in Australia contrasts strongly with the self-regulating US system, which was started in the late 1920's by the heads of ten major film studios. Their plan to control censorship from within the industry back-fired when the guy they hired, Will H. Haines, went on a 23-year self-righteous ego trip similar to Creswell's term. It is clear that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) of today owes much of its prejudicies and rubber logic to Haines's outrageously moral restrictions. But that's another story.
1928 to 1941: Chief Censor Creswell O'Reilly and his board go ape-shit and ban many movies, including Dawn, Klondike Annie (starring Mae West), Applause (it contained chourus girls), Compulsory Hands, Cape Forlorn, The Ladies Man (sexual overtones), White Cargo (interracial theme), The Five Year Plan (discussed communism),All Quiet on the Western Front, Gang Bullets, Each Dawn I Die, Hell's Kitchen (three US ganster films), The King and the Chorus Girl, The Brith of a Baby ("not in the public interest"), Green Pastures, Susan and God (blasphemy), Reefer Madness and Of Mice and Men (sex and violence in combination). O'Reilly was frequently criticised for his decisions.
1942: For the first time horror films suffer heavy censorship at the hands of the new Chief Censor, Mr. J. O. Alexander. His bias against horror films, which were usually (and amazingly) passed by O'Reilly, caused several old classics to be outlawed: The Monster and the Girl, The Man with two Lives, The Invisible Ghost, and King Kong, Frankenstein,Dracula plus their sequeals were banned when they were resubmitted under the new classification system. The same fate befell all subsequently released horror movies.
1956: The censorship board is increased in number from three to five members to cope with TV programmes. Adult shows such as Sunset Strip, Wagon Train and 77 Sunset Stripare pruned and santitised for our television audience's consumption, as was The Outer Limits and Boris Karloff's Thriller.
1957: Mr. Alexander is appointed Appeal Censor and Mr. C.J. Campbell from Customs becomes Chief Censor. The tight restrictions remain.
1964 to 1970: Mr. R. J. Prowse is appointed Chief Censor and Campbell goes into the Appeals Board. During the liberal 1960's, the public realised that many high-quality films were being banned: The Miracle, Viridiana, La Dolce Vita, Satyricon, The Silence,Blow Up and Zabriskie Point for example. Penthouse, Playboy and Mayfair are declared prohibited imports and books by Harold Robbins and Ian Flemming were cut.
1971: Customs Minister Don Chip kicks-off the development of a new classification system, which includes the much-needed R rating for adult content. Movies that were once banned, including the 1930's moster classics, are gradually released. The X rating is later introduced to cope with the upsurge in hardcore porn. Janet Strickland is one of the new censors appointed by Don Chip.
1974: Janet Strickland becomes Deputy Chief Censor and remains in that position for three years before moving on to the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal.
1980: Janet Strickland is appointed Chief Censor. It is said, even by Strickland herself, that under her control Australia experienced its greatest period of freedom.
1984 (?): A governmental conference is held, resulting in the later abolition of X rated material in most Australian states. Ownership of hardcore porn remains legal.
1986: Janet Strickland resigns as Chief Censor. It is not know who took her place.
1988: Former journalist John Joseph Dickie, born 4th January 1941 becomes Chief Censor after working in the Attorney-Gerneral's department for 14 years. 1st February 1997 marked his nineth year in the top spot. Strickland has since been reported in the press as being critical of the Board's decisions under Dickie's leadership.
1989: Consumer Advice comments are placed beside ratings symbols on every non-G classified item. Horror films are most often accompanied by "Horror Effects" or simply "Horror" as opposed to "Low/Medium/High Level Violence". The number of complaints about classification ratings from the public drops.
1990: Gail Malone and the Queensland Film Board of Review, which had banned 174 films since 1974, for instance Dawn of the Dead, Near Dark, Prison, Day of the Dead, The Toxic Avenger, Re-Animator and the M rated A Nightmare on Elm Street III, are abolished when the new Labour State Premier Wayne Goss is outraged that the Board banned an already censored version of Bad Taste after a three-week run in cinemas. Isolated cases of State censorship still occur from time to time. The Federal government's Committee on Violence, staffed by professionals such as Duncan Campbell (then Director of the Australian Insitute of Criminology) and Kim Dwyer of the SA Health and Welfare Child Protection Agency concluded in a report called Violence: Directions for Australia, "At the present time no direct causal link has been established between television violence and aggressive behaviour."
Tripple-J FM are criticised for airing the song 'Fuck tha Police' by US rap band Niggers with Attitude (NWA), and 1960's rebel-turned-wowser Richard Neville slams The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover and Blue Velvet saying, "Who needs it?"
1991: Customs officials raid the homes of a number of horror fans who are alledged to have banned films and publications. It is suspected that Customs were hunting down child and bestiality porn, not horror, but at least two people were prosecuted and fined for owning prohibited horror videos. American Psycho, Final Exit and Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (banned twice) cause problems for the censors.
1992: X and R rated movies and programmes are banned from pay-TV by changes to the Broadcasting Services Act, despite an 82% approval result from a government-commissioned public survey. A special senate committee decide to ignore this advice in favour of imposing the additional restrictions. Deregulation of the pay-TV industry in July 1997 may overturn these decisions, or at least loosen them up a fraction. Pasolini's Salo: The 120 Days of Sodom is passed by the Board of Review after 17 years of prohibition. It is still unofficially banned from video release. WA and SA place restrictions on its distribution, and major cinema chains such as Birch Carrol & Coyle in Queensland refuse to show it in any of their multiplexes. The 1981 Chinese gore film Dr. Lamb is released with 11 minutes cut; even it's poster is banned.
1994: A new rating, MA 15+, is introduced largely because of a push by Prime Minister Paul Keating, who was outraged that Crocodile Dundee and Cape Fear received the same classification (M). He also managed to bring the TV rating system in-line with the cinema/video system, imposing a 9:30pm start time for MA rated programmes.
1995: X and R rated computer games are banned from general release under the Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Act. G, G8+, M, MA are the only legal ratings. X rated games are still easily available.
Spore Whores #1, a horror comic by Steve Carter and Antoinette Rydyr, was seized by Customs and banned by the censors. Femosaur World, nabbed at the same time, was passed. A shipment containing Spore Whores #2 and #3 was recently intercepted by Customs; bans for both issues are expected.
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter is released on sell-thru video by the CIC Horror House label totally uncut. Initially banned, this film was cut heavily for its original release. The sell-thru print of Friday 13th Part 1 is a cut version, even though it was originally rated R uncut.
The Office of Film and Literature Classification set up a web page to allow free access to classification decisions for the last 12 to 18 months. Previously this information was available in the Telecom Discovery network and before that in the Government Gazette and Cinema Papers.
1996: Martin Bryant massacres 35 tourists at Port Arthur in Tasmania. The media blames the 2000 violent videos found at his residence, a claim that is later withdrawn, albeit with far less sensation. Another little-mentioned fact involved one of the illegal rifles Bryant used: it had been handed to VIC police a year earlier during one of their amnesties, and from there somehow found its way onto the black market. Nevertheless, advisory panels have been proposed by the Liberal Communications Minister Richard Alston that would represent the community's attitudes more accurately than the board members, who are said to have fallen out of touch with current trends. The board would still have final say on decisions, after consulting the panels. The Labour opposition spokesman Nick Bolkus responded to this move by saying, "I don't want John Howard selecting culture cops telling me what to read and watch."
Penalties for downloading and distributing pornography on the Internet are hastily set at $10,000 and $20,000 (unsubstantiated) by Queensland and NSW. Other states have followed suit. Ironically, the Encyclopedia Brittanica contains a recipie for the same pipe-bomb that snuffed two people at the Atlanta Olympic Games. October: in Queensland, a man arrested for obtaining pornographic material through the Internet is aquitted on the grounds that the laws did not apply to that medium.
David Cronenberg's Crash, based on J. G. Ballard's controversial novel, is passed uncut with an R rating. The same movie met with problems in the UK. Music CDs are assigned "18+ restricted" or "unrestricted" labels following a long debate that started with the confiscation of several death metal CDs in 1994.
1997 and beyond: Under the Liberal (ha ha) government, tighter controls are bound to be imposed for the Internet, movies and literature.
Original Australian first release Censorship advice appearing in newspaper advertisement in 1933.
Damaged Goods is a U.S. sexploitation film from 1937. The top colour poster on the top left side is how the film was advertised in the U.S.A. The Australian film Censor in 1939, the year the film was released, apparently decided the general public needed to be informed about the content of the film. The Censor's classification was "A story film emphasising the seriousness of Venereal Disease. Not suitable for children under 14 years''. The remaining material above is from Australian newspaper advertisements from the release in 1939 and an Australian press sheet. There were even some ''For women only'' special sessions that were programmed at least for one cinema in Australia.
D. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ). Rare Australian censorship rating printed on this poster.
Blackboard Jungle ( 1955 ). Note the double up of the censorship rating on the Australian daybill poster. There was advertising placed within Australian theatres screening Blackboard Jungle stating that children under 16 were not admitted to the screening, and a censorship snipe was applied to a U.S. lobby card used in Australia.
For anyone interested, the changes made to allow viewing in Australia included the shortening the shot of a ''lady teacher's legs as she ascends steps to the auditorium stage'' and the scene of a ''lady school teacher lifting dress and adjusting suspenders on both stockings.'' Australian censors also abridged scenes including a rape, an alley fight, and a classroom fight. A total of 165 feet of objectionable footage was excised from the film before being passed for screening in Australia.
And finally just to mention the Canadians apparently has some issues with the film as well,
From a Paramount Pictures 1935 press book.
Confirming the above censorship regulation applied in the state of Victoria, a newspaper advertisement placed in Victoria in 1941
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The Lustful Vicar ( 1970 ). Original country of origin Swedish artwork adapted for an Australian one sheet. The film was originally submitted to the Australian censor, and in January 1972 it was banned on 'indecency' grounds. In February 1972 Blake Films submitted an appeal to the Film Board of review, but this failed and the film remained banned in Australia. In March 1974 an new edited version of the film, which was 2 1/2 minutes shorter that the Blake version, was submitted to the Australian censor by a new distributor Filmways, and this version was passed with a R certificate, then subsequently released in Australia.
Published 31 August 1929 in Australia. Information that one imported U.S.A. film poster of the The Singing Fool was banned and then the poster was destroyed. U.S. posters of this film are hard to come by and those located are tame, to say the least, similar to the one following.
The following image I found on a U.S. window card would likely be the offending scene in question. I suppose it was 1929 and we had fuddy-duddy censors back then as well.
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From Everyones October 22 1924 edition you may find this information of interest.
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The Big House ( 1930 ). From Everyones February 24, 1932 issue the reasons why this film was banned in Western Australia.
'The Return Of The Vampire' ( 1943 ). The Australian daybill image which has been around for a while and an 8'' x 10 1/4'' U.S. A. still used in Australia, currently up for auction on Bruce's website. An Australian 'Suitable Only for adults' censorship snipe attached, along with 'The public is warned that this is a horror film' snipes, which I have never sighted before on any other overseas posters used in Australia for any other film releases.
The Walking Dead ( 1936 ). I like the censorship warning on this 1936 Australian Newspaper advertisement.
Published in Australia 17 September 1930.
Australian daybill and a 1948 Australian newspaper advertisement placed for Melbourne Victoria screenings which makes interesting reading. Children not refused entry but were discouraged from attending, but you're o.k.to enter if you pay full adult prices.
No Orchids For Miss Blandish ( 1948 ). This controversial film was originally banned in Australia in 1947 on violence grounds, but was later passed for exhibition with a Suitable only for adults'' censorship rating given to it.
Some 1948 London England information regarding the averting of a banning there.
Sons Of Matthew ( 1949 ). An Australian win.
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From the Canberra Times, ACT newspaper June 28, 1962 regarding Ben-Hur contradiction.
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Salome ( 1953 ). Another rare Australian win.
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White Zombie ( 1932 ). Two Australian newspaper advertisements from 1932. The one on the left states ''By Censor's Orders - Suitable Only For Adults'', and the one on the right has the correct and normally used advertising classification of ''Suitable Only For Adults'' appearing on it. Did someone get a little creative with The Capitol ad?
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N.E.N.- Not to be exhibited before Natives. This film censorship regulation was in place in the 1950’s was rarely used in Australia, but sometimes was used for films being sent to the Pacific Islands. Information sourced from a 1957-1958 The Film Weekly trade yearbook
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( Port Mosesby Papua New Guinea April 24 1970 newspaper article.)
I am thinking that the title listed as Batase, which is a complete mystery to me, is possibly the 1964 film Guns At Batasi.
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Trader Horn ( 1931 ) U.S.A. insert and Australian daybill. Too much bare flesh apparently for Australians to see so they adjusted Edwina Booth's appearance to look like the actress was appearing in an early 1930's contemporary film, and not from the depths of the 19th century equatorial African jungle.
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Too much sex apparently thought to be able to be seen in The Outlaw for Coorparoo Queensland patrons to be tempted by in 1948.
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( John )
Mark of the Devil ( 1970 ). This is an interesting one. Four attempts to obtain an Australian theaatrical release occured.
The following information is from the refused-classification.com website.
''Mark of the Devil
Directed by Michael Armstrong / 1970 / West Germany / IMDb
In August 1972, a 2702.00-meter (98:29) print of MARK OF DEVIL was banned because of 'excessive violence'.
Filmways Australasia submitted a censored 2622.00-meter (95:34) version in December 1972. Despite the three minutes of cuts, it was still banned because of 'excessive violence'. An unsuccessful appeal was made to the Film Board of Review in January 1973.
In July 1973, a 2702.53-meter (98:30) print was censored by 24.99-meters (00:55) for an R-rating. The cuts were made to remove 'excessive violence'. This version ran the same length as the original August 1972 submission. It is unclear why only 00:55 of cuts could achieve an R-rating, when in December 1972, 02:55 still resulted in a ban.''
Certainly a good example here of where perseverance to get the film released by the film distributor finally paid off.
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The Family Secret ( 1951 ) original U.S.A. insert poster and the Australian daybill version Apparently the U.S. artwork was far too unsuitable for using here.
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Hells Angels On Wheels ( 1967 ). This film was passed by the Australian film censor September 1 1973, classified with an R18+ certificate. The running time being 94 minutes.
Two months later on November 1 1973 the same distriburor Filmways Australasian Distributors had the film resubmitted in an edited 92 minute version which was reclassified and then passed with an M certificate.
It would appear that perhaps Filmways, knowing the film was to play mainly in drive-in venues, decided to edit out some excessive violence so a younger audience would be able to purchase tickets at the box office.
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Men in White ( 1934 ). Some constructive comments on the Australian censorship of this film published in the Mercury in Hobart Tasmania October 5 1935. The U.S.A. one sheet looks to me to me like the film is aimed more for adults than for children.
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HONDO said:
Information on this King Kong ( 1933 ) special Australian censorship rating is featured on the Hondo's This And That Thread part 1 at present and part 2 is coming there soon.Peter
Blackboard Jungle received a total of 16 censorship cuts by the Australian censor when originally classified.
An Australian cinema advertisement publicising the fact that the film had been originally banned here,
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Gigantis The Fire Monster ( 1959 ) received 16 cuts when classified by the Australian film censor in 1960. This surely then would be the reason that the film only received a ''For General Exhibition'' censorship rating in Australia for its release in 1960. The film received an 'A' certificate when first released in the U.K.
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Thought I would include this advertisement showing how they recruited Australian film Censors in 1925.
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The following just confirms how much Australian film sensors disliked horror films .In 1958 the Australian Commonwealth film censor rejected 13 features, with twelve of these being horror films, while cuts were made on 225 films, mainly on account of excessive violence.
My unofficial obtained records list only ten Australian banned films in 1958, with eight listed as being horror films.
Did any of the remainIng five unknown horror films perhaps include I Was a Teenage Frankenstein, I Was A Teenage Werewolf, The Cyclops and Attack Of The Fifty Foot Woman? It would certainly be interesting to know.
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A Framed ( 1975 ) Australian daybill.
An error occurred in the printing with an incorrect censorship rating applied. The film was refused classification by the Australian censor on 1 / 9 / 1975. Six months late on the 1 / 3 /1976. the film, with a reduced running time of 100 minutes that had been edited down from 103 minutes to 100 minutes, was classified with an R rating. The poster was later altered to display the correct rating.
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This probably 1940's Australian censorship material is interesting.There is no separate rating for Suitable Only For Adults, non horror genre films listed with the classifications that appear on the image appearing above.
A Horror Film Suitable Only For Adults Australian censorship classification slide from most likely the very late 1940's.
Peter